Unisphere

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This article is about the structure. For the networking company, see Unisphere Networks.

Seen in summer 2018

Coordinates: 40°44′47″N 73°50′41″W / 40.746426°N 73.844819°W / 40.746426; -73.844819

The Unisphere is a spherical stainless steel representation of the Earth, located in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in the borough of Queens, New York City. The sphere, which measures 140 feet (43 m) high and 120 feet (37 m) in diameter, was commissioned as part of the 1964 New York World's Fair.[1] The Unisphere is one of the borough's most iconic and enduring symbols.

Commissioned to celebrate the beginning of the space age, the Unisphere was conceived and constructed as the theme symbol of the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. The theme of the World's Fair was "Peace Through Understanding" and the Unisphere represented the theme of global interdependence. It was dedicated to "Man's Achievements on a Shrinking Globe in an Expanding Universe".

History[edit]

Construction[edit]

Attractions and Geographical Features of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park

Attractions and geographical features of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park:
1
Citi Field
2
Flushing Meadows Carousel
3
Flushing Meadows Natatorium
4
Flushing River and Creek
5
Meadow Lake
6
Mets–Willets Point (LIRR and subway stations)
7
National Tennis Center
8
New York Hall of Science
9
New York State Pavilion, Queens Theatre and Queens Zoo
10
Queens Botanical Garden
11
Queens Museum
12
Unisphere
13
Willow Lake
14
World's Fair station (demolished)
Unisphere under construction in the 1960s.[2]
A crane eases the last segment of the Unisphere into place to complete the structure

Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, a former ash dump in the borough of Queens, was used for the 1939/1940 New York World's Fair. At the conclusion of the fair, it was used as a park.[3][4] The Flushing Meadows site was selected in 1959 for the 1964 New York World's Fair.[5] Gilmore David Clarke and Michael Rapuano, designers of the original World's Fair layout, were retained to tailor the original 1939 park layout for the new fair.[6][7]:3 New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses was president of the World's Fair Corporation, which leased the park from the city until 1967, after the fair's completion.[8]

The Unisphere was announced by Moses in February 1961,[9] and a model of the proposed work was unveiled the following year.[10] Initially conceptually designed by the landscape architect in aluminum with metallic mesh continents; it underwent a further refined industrial design in stainless steel by industrial designers at Peter Muller-Munk Associates, and with engineering and fabrication by American Bridge Company, a division of US Steel.

The sphere was built within 110 days.[11] The last landmass was installed on August 13, 1963.[12]

World's Fair[edit]

During the 1964 fair, dramatic lighting at night gave the effect of sunrise moving over the surface of the globe. Additionally, the capitals of nations were marked by lights. One of these lights is placed at the location of the Kahnawake Indian Reservation, which the Mohawk ironworkers requested to be placed there to honor their labor.[13]

In 1966, after the conclusion of the fair, US Steel donated $100,000 to make the Unisphere a permanent attraction at Flushing Meadows-Corona Park.[14]

Rehabilitation[edit]

In 1989, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation announced a multimillion-dollar rehabilitation of Flushing Meadows-Corona Park. Among the projects was a complete restoration of the Unisphere. The project, which began in 1993, included numerous structural repairs and removal of years' worth of grime accumulation on the steel. The fountains, shut off since the 1970s, were replaced, and new floodlighting installed.[15] Furthermore, two of the surrounding lawns were planted with rose gardens.[16] The restoration was completed in May 1994.[15] That year, the Annual Building Awards in Queens gave the Unisphere an award for best rehabilitation.[17]

In May 1995, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission recognized the Unisphere as an official city landmark.[18][1]

The Unisphere's fountain reopened on August 12, 2010, after a $2 million restoration of its pumps, valves, and paintwork.[19] In addition, other sites say the globe and its surroundings, including its reflecting pool and fountains, were renovated at a cost of $3 million.[1] In the 2010 Brooklyn/Queens tornadoes, the landmass representing Sri Lanka was blown off the Unisphere; the piece was reinstalled the following year.[20]

Design[edit]

Globe[edit]

The Unisphere is the world's largest globe. It measures 120 feet (37 m) in diameter, rises 140 feet (43 m), and weighs 700,000 pounds (317,515 kg),[citation needed] though some sources say the Unisphere weighs 900,000 pounds (408,233 kg),[16] including its 100 short tons (91 t) inverted tripod base. The sphere is constructed of Type 304L stainless steel. The continents on the sphere are fabricated with a special texture-pattern by Rigidized Metals Corporation, based in Buffalo, New York.[21] Developed for this architectural project, the pattern's name of "1 UN" stands for "1 Unisphere."

Three large orbit rings of stainless steel encircle the Unisphere at various angles. These orbit rings are believed to represent the tracks of Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space, John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth, and Telstar, the first active communications satellite. In fact, the early design was to have a ring for each of a dozen satellites in place at the time of the Fair. This proved impractical, not only in the number of satellites, but also in the height of their orbits and the fact that geostationary satellites had no orbit path. As a result, a symbolic number of three was chosen for aesthetic reasons.[22]

Pool and fountains[edit]

The Unisphere is centered in a large, circular reflecting pool and is surrounded by a series of water-jet fountains. The 96 fountainheads arranged in pairs are designed to obscure its tripod pedestal. The effect is meant to make the Unisphere appear as if it is floating in space.[7]

Structural foundation[edit]

The then-newly built Unisphere during the 1964–1965 World's Fair
Close-up of Africa

The Unisphere is built on the structural foundation that supported the Perisphere of the 1939 World's Fair. The marshy soil of Flushing Meadows needed special consideration during the original 1937 Perisphere construction. The Perisphere, and subsequently the Unisphere, which used the same platform, employed a foundation of 528 pressure-creosoted Douglas fir piles of 95 to 100 feet (29 to 30 m) in length. Before construction of the Unisphere, three piles were tested for structural integrity and all were found to be sound throughout their entire length.[23]

Similar globes elsewhere[edit]

A similar metal globe is at the front gate of Leisure World, Maryland.[24] A similar globe is placed on the Constitution Avenue outside the Diplomatic Enclave in Islamabad, Pakistan.There's also one in St Tropez, France.

Climbs on the Unisphere[edit]

The Unisphere was climbed in 1976 by George Willig (the so-called "Human Fly" who would later climb the World Trade Center), and Jerry Hewitt as part of a short film called The Third Stone. The Unisphere was not again scaled until September 6, 2019, when Glen Schleyer, a member of the climate activist group Extinction Rebellion, climbed the Unisphere to hang up a banner protesting the 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires. He chose the Unisphere because it celebrates the World's Fair theme of "peace through understanding."[25]

In popular culture[edit]

The Unisphere has been used as a setting or backdrop for several films and episodes, including the movie Men in Black; an episode in season 6 of Law & Order: Criminal Intent;[26] the beginning of Black Rain;[27] and the opening credits of American sitcom The King of Queens. The site of the World's Fair and some of its exhibits were a recurring theme in several episodes of the Gary Sinese series CSI:New York, culminating in Season 6 Episode 9 "Manhattenhenge"—and the Unisphere was featured prominently. The Marvel Cinematic Universe movies Iron Man 2, Captain America: The First Avenger, and Spider-Man: Homecoming uses the Unisphere for the Stark Expo.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010), The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.), New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2
  2. ^ "Unisphere (under construction)". NYPL Digital Collections. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  3. ^ "Ready to Turn Fair Into Park; Moses Tells Mayor His Plans Are Set" (PDF). The Sun (New York). Fultonhistory.com. August 15, 1940. p. 14. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
  4. ^ "Flushing Meadow" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. July 13, 1949. p. 4. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
  5. ^ La Guardia International Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Airport Access Program, Automated Guideway Transit System (NY, NJ): Environmental Impact Statement. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, New York State Department of Transportation. June 1994. p. 1.11.
  6. ^ "Flushing Meadows-Corona Park: Historic Preservation Studio". Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation. May 3, 2015. p. 16. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  7. ^ a b "The Unisphere" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. May 16, 1995. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  8. ^ Schumach, Murray (June 4, 1967). "MOSES GIVES CITY FAIR SITE AS PARK; Flushing Meadows in Queens Becomes the 2d Biggest Recreation Area Here". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  9. ^ "A 120-Foot Steel 'Unisphere' Will Be Symbol of the '64 Fair". The New York Times. February 15, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  10. ^ "Unisphere at 1964 World's Fair to Be 12 Stories High". The New York Times. April 24, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  11. ^ "Unisphere, 1960 - Photos - New York: The 1960s". NY Daily News. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  12. ^ "Section Added to Unisphere". The New York Times. August 13, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  13. ^ "Unisphere: Built by US Steel as the symbol of the 1964-5 New York World's Fair", Place Matters, February 5, 2010, accessed January 11, 2011
  14. ^ "U.S. Steel Donates A Fund to Maintain Unisphere at Fair". The New York Times. March 21, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  15. ^ a b Huang, Vivian (June 1, 1994). "Let us spray for Unisphere". New York Daily News. p. 293. Retrieved November 4, 2019 – via newspapers.com open access.
  16. ^ a b Muschamp, Herbert (September 2, 1994). "Summer's Last Hurrah: The Final Fling Before the Fall; Recircling the Globe". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  17. ^ Belluck, Pam (October 11, 1995). "Queens Beauty Contest: Basic Brick Is Beautiful". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  18. ^ Avashti, Surabhi (May 15, 1995). "Unisphere nears landmark status". New York Daily News. p. 292. Retrieved November 4, 2019 – via newspapers.com open access.
  19. ^ Hirshon, Nicholas (August 13, 2010). "Fountain's Return". New York Daily News. New York. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
  20. ^ Kilgannon, Corey (August 21, 2011). "When a Tornado in Queens Becomes an International Incident". City Room. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  21. ^ Focus on Fabrication - Rigidized Metals Archived February 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, The Architect's Newspaper 5.17.13
  22. ^ Short, Daniel (2016). Unisphere: Symbol of the 1964-1965 New York World's Fair (1st ed.). Arethusa Press. ISBN 978-0-692-50867-1.
  23. ^ (Creosote) Performance: Proved By More Than 75 Years Service
  24. ^ Von Eckardt, Wolf. "Senior Citizens' 'World' A Happy Change of Pace". The Washington Post. April 24, 1966. p. G7.
  25. ^ Kim, Elizabeth (September 9, 2019). "Man Climbs World's Fair Unisphere To Draw Attention To Climate Change". Gothamist. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  26. ^ http://www.tv.com/shows/law-order-criminal-intent/worlds-fair-937618/
  27. ^ http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Film/BlackRain

External links[edit]

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