Monday, August 31, 2020

Nicolas Slonimsky

Nicolas Slonimsky

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Nicolas Slonimsky in 1933.

Nicolas Slonimsky (April 27 [O.S. April 15] 1894 – December 25, 1995), born Nikolai Leonidovich Slonimskiy (Russian: Никола́й Леони́дович Сло́нимский), was a Russian-born American conductor, author, pianist, composer and lexicographer. Best known for his writing and musical reference work, he wrote the Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns and the Lexicon of Musical Invective, and edited Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians.

His life[edit]

Early life in Russia and Europe[edit]

Slonimsky was born Nikolai Leonidovich Slonimskiy in Saint Petersburg. He was of Jewish origin; his grandfather was Rabbi Chaim Zelig Slonimsky. His parents adopted the Orthodox faith after the birth of his older brother, and Nicolas was baptized in the Russian Orthodox Church.[1] His maternal aunt, Isabelle Vengerova, later a founder of Philadelphia's Curtis Institute of Music, was his first piano teacher.

He grew up in the intelligentsia. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, he moved south, first to Kiev, then to Constantinople, and ultimately to Paris, where many other Russian musicians and his sister Yulia Slonimskaya Sazonova[2] had already fled. He worked as accompanist to conductor Serge Koussevitzky, and he toured Europe in 1921–22 as accompanist to Vladimir Rosing. In 1923, Rosing became director of opera at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, and he invited Slonimsky to join him.

Slonimsky's younger brother, Mikhail, remained in Russia and became an author. His nephew, Sergei Slonimsky became a composer.[citation needed]

Conducting career[edit]

In Rochester, Slonimsky continued his composition and conducting studies, with Albert Coates and Eugene Goossens, and accompanied Rosing at many vocal recitals, including a performance at Carnegie Hall in October 1924. After two years, he moved to Boston, where Koussevitzky had become conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and resumed his position as his pianist and now bilingual secretary. During this time, Slonimsky taught music theory at the Boston Conservatory and the Malkin Conservatory, and began to write music articles for The Boston Evening Transcript, The Christian Science Monitor and the magazine The Etude.[3]

Nicolas Slonimsky conducting Ionisation in Havana

Slonimsky began writing songs and other incidental pieces, and performed as a piano soloist and vocal accompanist. In 1927 he formed the Boston Chamber Orchestra, for which he solicited music from contemporary composers. Slonimsky was a great champion of contemporary music,[3] and through his interest in performing it met Henry Cowell and Charles Ives. He conducted the world premieres of Ives' Three Places in New England in 1931 (in New York's Town Hall), Edgard Varèse's Ionisation for thirteen percussionists in 1933, and various other works.

In 1931 Slonimsky married Dorothy Adlow, art critic of the Boston Christian Science Monitor. She was active as a critic and lectured extensively around the U.S., serving on panels and art juries. They married in Paris, with Varèse as best man. Their daughter, Electra, later edited his letters and collected works.[a]

In 1932, Slonimsky conducted a series of concerts in Havana highlighting Ives, Ruggles, Cowell, Amadeo Roldán and Alejandro García Caturla. He then traveled to Paris, Berlin and Budapest to conduct further concerts. He mentioned at the time he found conducting to be "the nearest approximation to music in motion." Thanks to the popularity of these tours, he was invited to conduct five concerts in the Hollywood Bowl in the summer of 1933. These were controversial and received mixed critical reviews.

Writings and musical criticism[edit]

"Grandmother chord" About this soundPlay , first used by Nicolas Slonimsky

Throughout his life, Slonimsky wrote extensively for periodicals and newspapers, produced program and liner notes, and contributed to numerous reference works. He described himself as a "diaskeuast" (from Greek διασκευαστής), a "reviser or interpolator". When his conducting career slowed, he spent more time writing about music. He produced the chronology Music Since 1900, and later after travelling in Latin America, produced the first thorough coverage in English, Music of Latin America. In 1947 he published the Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns, which would later become one of his most influential works as a sourcebook for composers and performers. It influenced many jazz musicians and composers, including Allan Holdsworth, John Coltrane, Frank Zappa and Paul Grabowsky, and remained in print 60 years later, but was largely ignored for years after its publication. Quincy Jones said in a February 2018 interview: "Every time I used to see Coltrane he'd have Nicolas Slonimsky's book."[4]

Two books for children followed, The Road to Music and A Thing or Two About Music, with jokes, anecdotes and puzzles. Then in 1953, Slonimsky brought out the Lexicon of Musical Invective ("Critical Assaults on Composers since Beethoven's Time"), a collection of hilariously scathing, insulting, vituperative, and enraged contemporary critiques of musical greats in their time. In 1958, he became editor of Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, developing a reputation for factual accuracy,[5] and remained its head editor until 1992.

Later life and work[edit]

In 1964 Slonimsky's wife died, and he moved to Los Angeles. He taught at UCLA for three years, and lectured and spoke about music, introducing himself to classes by spelling out his name: "Slonimsky. S-L-O as in slow, N-I-M as in nimble, S-K-Y as in sky." He possessed a sly sense of humor, and was a regular guest on radio and television programs, including Johnny Carson's Tonight Show. New York public television station WNET filmed an interview with him for the "Aging" segment of the PBS Series The Mind.

He became a friend of avant-garde composer and rock guitarist Frank Zappa, and performed some of his own compositions at a Zappa concert in Santa Monica, California in 1981. He named his cat Grody-to-the-Max after learning the phrase from Zappa's daughter Moon Zappa.[1][3]

Slonimsky wrote the Lectionary of Music as a "reading dictionary," as he called it. Then in 1988, he published his autobiography, Perfect Pitch, filled with anecdotes about musical figures of the 20th century, including his mentors and colleagues.

For his 98th birthday, he visited St. Petersburg to participate in a music festival. A documentary of his life including video of this visit, A Touch of Genius, was broadcast by Film America on his 100th birthday and is available on the web.[6] He died in Los Angeles in 1995, at the age of 101.

Compositions[edit]

Piano[edit]

  • Minitudes
  • Variations on a Kindergarten Tune
  • Yellowstone Park Suite
  • Russian Nocturne
  • Two Etudes
  • Silhouettes Iberiennes
  • Russian Prelude
  • Modinha
  • Variations on a Brazilian Tune (My Toy Balloon)
  • Studies in Black and White

Chamber music[edit]

  • Muss Perpetuo
  • Suite (Сюита)
  • Piccolo Divertimento
  • Quaquaversal Suite

Commercial and satire[edit]

  • Five Advertising Songs
  • Gravestones at Hancock, New Hampshire (1945)
  • A Very Great Musician
  • I Owe a Debt to A Monkey (A Humorous Encore Song)

Books and other writings[edit]

Books[edit]

  • Music Since 1900 (1937)[b]
    • Supplement to Music since 1900 (1986)[c]
  • Music of Latin America (1945)[d]
  • Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns (1947)[e]
  • The Road to Music New York (1947)[f]
  • A Thing or Two about Music (1948)[g]
  • Lexicon of Musical Invective (1953)[h]
  • Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians (1958).[i]
  • The Concise Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians (1987)[j]
  • Perfect Pitch (1988)[1]
  • Lectionary of Music (1989)[k]

Collected writings[edit]

  • Nicolas Slonimsky: The First Hundred Years (1994)[l]
  • The Great Composers and Their Works (Reissued as The Listener's Companion) (2000)[m]
  • Nicolas Slonimsky: Writings on Music (2004)[n]
  • Dear Dorothy - Letters from Nicolas Slonimsky to Dorothy Adlow (2012)[o]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Some of his letters, books, photos, sheet music and recordings are maintained at slonimsky.net.
  2. ^ First published 1937 by Coleman-Ross. Republished in 2001 by Schirmer Reference, New York.
  3. ^ Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
  4. ^ First published 1945 by Thomas Y. Crowell. Republished in 1972 by Da Capo Press, New York.
  5. ^ Coleman-Ross. Republished in 1975 by Music Sales, New York.
  6. ^ Dodd, Mead. Republished in 1966.
  7. ^ New York: Allen, Towne & Heath. Reprinted in 200 as Slonimsky's Book of Musical Anecdotes, Routledge.
  8. ^ Coleman-Ross. Republished in 2000 by W. W. Norton.
  9. ^ G. Schirmer. Republished in 2000 by Schirmer Books.
  10. ^ New York by Schirmer Books.
  11. ^ McGraw-Hill. Republished in 1990 by Anchor Books.
  12. ^ Ed. Richard Kostelanetz. New York: Schirmer Books.
  13. ^ Ed. Electra Slonimsky Yourke, 2 vols. Schirmer Books, New York.
  14. ^ Ed. Electra Slonimsky Yourke, 4 vols. Routledge, New York.
  15. ^ Ed. Electra Slonimsky Yourke, University of Rochester Press.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Slonimsky, Nicolas (1988). Perfect Pitch: A Life Story. London, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-315155-3.
  2. ^ Slonimsky, Nicolas (2012). Yourke, Electra Slonimsky (ed.). Dear Dorothy: Letters from Nicolas Slonimsky to Dorothy Adlow. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. pp. 5–9. ISBN 978-1-58046-395-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  3. ^ a b c Kozinn, Allan (December 27, 1995). "Nicolas Slonimsky, Author of Widely Used Reference Works on Music, Dies at 101". The New York Times.
  4. ^ Marchese, David, "In Conversation: Quincy Jones", Vulture, February 7, 2018.
  5. ^ Kozinn, Allan (December 27, 1995). "Nicolas Slonimsky, Author of Widely Used Reference Works on Music,Dies at 101". The New York Times. p. 6.
  6. ^ "Nicolas Slonimsky Documentary- A Touch of Genius". YouTube. Retrieved December 5, 2014.

External links[edit]

General[edit]

Listening to Slonimsky[edit]

Oz (TV series)

Oz (TV series)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Oz
Oz titlecard.png
Genre
Created byTom Fontana
Written byTom Fontana
Bradford Winters
Sunil Nayar
Sean Jablonski
Sean Whitesell
StarringErnie Hudson
Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje
Kirk Acevedo
Terry Kinney
Christopher Meloni
George Morfogen
Rita Moreno
Harold Perrineau
J. K. Simmons
Lee Tergesen
Eamonn Walker
Dean Winters
Theme music composerSteve Rosen
Dave Darlington
Country of originUnited States
No. of seasons6
No. of episodes56 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)Tom Fontana
Barry Levinson
Jim Finnerty
Producer(s)Debbie Sarjeant
Mark A. Baker
Irene Burns
Bridget Potter
Jorge Zamacona
Greer Yeaton
Editor(s)Deborah Moran
Running time52–62 minutes
99 minutes (series finale)
Production company(s)The Levinson/Fontana Company
Viacom Productions
(2000-2002)
(seasons 4-5)
Rysher Entertainment
(1997-2002)
(seasons 1-5)
HBO Original Programming
DistributorNorth America
Warner Bros. Television
HBO Enterprises
International
CBS Studios International
Release
Original networkHBO
Original releaseJuly 12, 1997 (1997-07-12) –
February 23, 2003 (2003-02-23)
External links
Website

Oz is an American television drama series created by Tom Fontana, who also wrote or co-wrote all of the series' 56 episodes.[1][2] It was the first one-hour dramatic television series to be produced by the premium cable network HBO.[3] Oz premiered on July 12, 1997 and ran for six seasons; the series finale aired February 23, 2003.

Overview[edit]

"Oz" is the nickname for the Oswald State Correctional Facility, formerly Oswald State Penitentiary, a fictional level 4 maximum-security state prison.

The nickname "Oz" is also a reference to the classic film The Wizard of Oz (1939), which popularized the phrase, "There's no place like home." In contrast, a poster for the series uses the tagline: "It's no place like home".[4] Moreover, most of the series' story arcs are set in "Emerald City", a wing named after a setting from the fictional Land of Oz in L. Frank Baum's Oz books, first described in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900).

Plot[edit]

The majority of Oz's story arcs are set in "Emerald City", named for a setting from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900). In this experimental unit of the prison, unit manager Tim McManus emphasizes rehabilitation and learning responsibility during incarceration, rather than carrying out purely punitive measures. Emerald City is an extremely controlled environment, with a carefully managed balance of members from each racial and social group, intended to ease tensions among these various factions.

Under McManus and Warden Leo Glynn, all inmates in "Em City" struggle to fulfill their own needs. Some fight for power – either over the drug trade or over other inmate factions and individuals. Others, corrections officers and inmates alike, simply want to survive, some long enough to make parole and others just to see the next day. The show's narrator, inmate Augustus Hill, explains the show, and provides context, thematic analysis, and a sense of humor.

Oz chronicles McManus' attempts to keep control over the inmates of Em City. There are many groups of inmates throughout the show, and not everyone within each group survives the show's events. There are the African-American Homeboys (Wangler, Redding, Poet, Keane, Adebisi) and Muslims (Said, Arif, Khan), the Wiseguys (Pancamo, Nappa, Schibetta, Zanghi, Urbano), the Aryan Brotherhood (Schillinger, Robson, Mack), the Latinos of El Norte (Alvarez, Morales, Guerra, Hernandez), the Irish (The O'Reilly brothers, Kirk, Keenan), the Gays (Hanlon, Cramer, Ginzburg), the Bikers (Hoyt, Sands, Burns), the Christians (Cloutier, Coushaine, Cudney) and many other individuals not completely affiliated with one particular group (Rebadow, Busmalis, Keller, Stanislofsky). In contrast to the dangerous criminals, character Tobias Beecher gives a look at a usually law-abiding man who made one fatal drunk-driving mistake.

Cast and characters[edit]

From left to right: Ryan O'Reily, Vernon Schillinger, Miguel Alvarez, Tobias Beecher, Kareem Saïd, In the front sits Augustus Hill (this photo was also used as the cover for Hill's book)

Actors listed as "recurring" are credited as "also starring" in the opening title sequence, actors listed as "guests" are credited in the end credits.

Main[edit]

Actor Character Seasons
1 2 3 4 5 6
Lee Tergesen Tobias Beecher Main
Ernie Hudson Warden Leo Glynn Main
Terry Kinney Tim McManus Main
Harold Perrineau Augustus Hill Main
Eamonn Walker Kareem Saïd Main
Kirk Acevedo Miguel Alvarez Main
Rita Moreno Sister Peter Marie Reimondo Main
J. K. Simmons Vernon Schillinger Main
Dean Winters Ryan O'Reily Main
Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Simon Adebisi Guest Recurring Main
Lauren Vélez Dr. Gloria Nathan Recurring Main

Recurring[edit]

Actor Character Seasons
1 2 3 4 5 6
Christopher Meloni Chris Keller Recurring
BD Wong Father Ray Mukada Recurring
Edie Falco Officer Diane Whittlesey Recurring Guest
Sean Whitesell Donald Groves Recurring
Tony Musante Nino Schibetta Recurring
Leon Robinson Jefferson Keane Recurring Guest
Derrick Simmons Billie Keane Recurring
Jon Seda Dino Ortolani Guest Guest
George Morfogen Bob Rebadow Guest Recurring
J. D. Williams Kenny Wangler Guest Recurring
Željko Ivanek Governor James Devlin Guest Recurring
muMs da Schemer Arnold "Poet" Jackson Guest Recurring
Granville Adams Zahir Arif Guest Recurring
Rick Fox Jackson Vahue Guest Recurring Recurring
Eddie Malavarca Peter Schibetta Guest Guest
Tom Mardirosian Agamemnon Busmalis Guest Recurring
Scott William Winters Cyril O'Reily Guest Recurring
Austin Pendleton William Giles Guest Recurring
Kathryn Erbe Shirley Bellinger Guest Recurring Guest
Luis Guzmán Raoul "El Cid" Hernandez Guest Recurring
Mark Margolis Antonio Nappa Guest Recurring Guest
Chuck Zito Chucky Pancamo Guest Recurring
R.E. Rogers James Robson Guest Recurring
Evan Seinfeld Jaz Hoyt Guest Recurring
Otto Sanchez Carmen "Chico" Guerra Guest Recurring
Sean Dugan Timmy Kirk Guest Guest Recurring
Robert Clohessy Officer Sean Murphy Recurring
Kristin Rohde Officer Claire Howell Recurring
Philip Casnoff Nikolai Stanislofsky Recurring
Seth Gilliam Officer Clayton Hughes Recurring
Kevin Conway Seamus O'Reily Guest Recurring
Charles Busch Nathaniel 'Nat' Ginzburg Guest Recurring
David Zayas Enrique Morales Recurring
Reg E. Cathey Martin Querns Recurring Guest
Erik King Moses Deyell Recurring
Lance Reddick Johnny Basil / Desmond Mobay Recurring
Lord Jamar 'Supreme Allah' / Kevin Ketchum Recurring
Michael Wright Omar White Recurring
Anthony Chisholm Burr Redding Recurring
Luke Perry Jeremiah Cloutier Recurring
Betty Buckley Suzanne Fitzgerald Recurring
Blake Robbins Officer Dave Brass Guest Recurring
Patti LuPone Stella Coffa Recurring
Joel Grey Lemuel Idzik Recurring
Bobby Cannavale Alonzo Torquemada Recurring
Steven Wishnoff Tony Masters Recurring

Episodes[edit]

SeasonEpisodesOriginally aired
First airedLast aired
18July 12, 1997 (1997-07-12)August 25, 1997 (1997-08-25)
28July 11, 1998 (1998-07-11)August 31, 1998 (1998-08-31)
38July 14, 1999 (1999-07-14)September 1, 1999 (1999-09-01)
416July 12, 2000 (2000-07-12)February 25, 2001 (2001-02-25)
58January 6, 2002 (2002-01-06)February 24, 2002 (2002-02-24)
68January 5, 2003 (2003-01-05)February 23, 2003 (2003-02-23)

Oz took advantage of the freedoms of premium cable to show elements of coarse language, drug use, violence, frontal nudity, homosexuality, and male rape, as well as ethnic and religious conflicts that would have been unacceptable to traditional advertiser-supported American broadcast television.[3]

International broadcast history[edit]

In Australia, Oz was screened uncensored on Channel "OH" on Optus TV, then free-to-air channel, SBS. This was also the case in Brazil, where it was aired by the SBT Network Corporation, late at night; in Ireland, where the series aired on free-to-air channel TG4 at 11 p.m.; in Israel, where Oz was displayed on the free-to-air commercial Channel 2; in Italy, where it was aired on the free-to-air Italia 1; and in the United Kingdom, where Channel 4 aired the show in the middle of the night.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was aired on the federal TV station called FTV. In Canada, Oz aired on the Showcase Channel at Friday 10 p.m. EST. In Croatia, Estonia, and Slovenia, the show was aired late at night on public, non-commercial, state-owned channels HRT, ETV, and RTV SLO, respectively. In Denmark, it appeared late at night on the non-commercial public service channel DR1. In Finland, it broadcast on the free-to-air channel Nelonen (TV4). In France, the show aired on commercial cable channel 'Serie Club,' also late at night. In Malaysia, full episodes of Oz aired late at night on ntv7, while the censored version aired during the day. In the Netherlands, Oz aired on the commercial channel RTL 5. In New Zealand Oz aired on The Box at 9.30pm on Wednesdays in the early 2000s (decade). In Norway and Sweden, it aired on the commercial channels ZTV and TV3 late at night. In Panama, Oz aired on RPC-TV Channel 4 in a late-night hour. In Portugal, Oz aired late at night on SIC Radical, one of the SIC channels in the cable network. In Serbia, Oz aired on RTV BK Telecom. In Spain, the show aired on premium channel Canal+. In Turkey, Oz was aired on Cine5; DiziMax also aired the re-runs. In Japan, it aired on SuperChannel (now, Super! Drama TV) from 29 December 2001 to 22 July 2005.

Syndication[edit]

On April 21, 2009, Variety announced that starting May 31, DirecTV will broadcast all 56 episodes in their original form without commercials and in up-scaled "high definition" on The 101 Network available to all subscribers. The episodes will also be available through DirecTV's On Demand service.[5]

Rights[edit]

The series was co-produced by HBO and Rysher Entertainment (who owns the copyright), and the underlying U.S. rights lie with HBO Entertainment and Warner Bros. Entertainment, which has released the entire series on DVD in North America. The international rights were owned originally by Rysher, then Paramount Pictures/Domestic Television after that company acquired Rysher. CBS Studios International currently owns the international TV rights, and Paramount Home Entertainment/CBS DVD owns the international DVD rights.

Home media[edit]

The first two seasons of Oz were released on VHS in box sets.[6][7] HBO Home Video has released all six seasons of Oz on DVD in Region 1 and Region 2. The Region 1 releases contain numerous special features including commentaries, deleted scenes and featurettes. The Region 2 releases do not contain any special features.

Title Episodes Release date Rating
Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 BBFC ACB
The Complete First Season
8
March 19, 2002 (DVD & VHS) February 5, 2007 February 15, 2007  15   MA 15+
The Complete Second Season
8
January 7, 2003 (DVD & VHS) August 6, 2007 August 16, 2007  18   MA 15+
The Complete Third Season
8
February 24, 2004 October 29, 2007 November 8, 2007  18   MA 15+
The Complete Fourth Season
16
February 1, 2005 March 3, 2008 March 20, 2008  18   MA 15+
The Complete Fifth Season
8
June 21, 2005 June 30, 2008 June 19, 2008  18   MA 15+
The Complete Sixth Season
8
September 5, 2006 September 22, 2008 September 18, 2008  18   MA 15+
The Complete Series
56
September 5, 2006 (Special Edition) September 7, 2009 (The Emerald City Collection) N/A  18  N/A

Critical reception[edit]

Critical reception of Oz was mostly positive. The first season of Oz has been ranked a 70 based on the rating aggregator website Metacritic, indicating generally favorable reviews by critics.[8] Caryn James from The New York Times stated: "Set almost entirely in the prison, a high-tech horror with glass-walled cells, Oz can also be unpleasant to watch, it is so gruesome and claustrophobic. Yet... as the series moves beyond its introductory shock value, it becomes more serious, disturbing and gripping.... The point of Oz, with its depiction of guilty men in torturous circumstances, is never subtle, but it is complicated and strong."[9] Steve Johnson of the Chicago Tribune wrote: "Engaging, often Brutal."[10]

Other reviews were more critical of the series. Frederic Bidle of the Boston Globe said: "A pretentious exercise in cheap thrills, by great talents allowed to run amok."[11] Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times reported: "Its unique and arresting style don't earn endorsements here... there's no light at the end of the tunnel, or a tunnel- that offer central characters to root or pull for [sic] … Be forewarned that Oz is flat-out the most violent and graphically sexual series on TV."[12]

Soundtrack[edit]

Avatar Records released a soundtrack containing East Coast, West Coast, and Southern hip hop on January 9, 2001. It peaked at #1 on the Billboard Soundtrack Charts, #42 on the Billboard 200, and #8 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.[13] The soundtrack featured the song "Behind the Walls" recorded by Kurupt & Nate Dogg.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Adam Dunn (21 February 2003). "The end of 'Oz'". CNN. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
  2. ^ "Oz Production Notes". Retrieved 2010-08-05.
  3. ^ a b Bruce Fretts (11 July 1997). "Nasty As He Wanna Be". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
  4. ^ Beeler, Karin (Nov 7, 2005). Tattoos, Desire and Violence: Marks of Resistance in Literature, Film. p. 120. ISBN 978-0786423897.
  5. ^ MICHAEL SCHNEIDER (20 April 2009). "'Oz,' 'Deadwood' join DirecTV". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
  6. ^ "HBO Store - Other HBO Shows: OZ: The Complete First Season VHS". web.archive.org. February 7, 2005.
  7. ^ "HBO Store - Other HBO Shows: OZ: The Complete Second Season VHS". web.archive.org. February 5, 2005.
  8. ^ "Oz Season 1". Metacritic.
  9. ^ Caryn, James. "High Tech Prison and the Face of Horrors". New York Times.
  10. ^ "Oz Season 1". Metacritic.
  11. ^ Biddle, Frederick. "Metacritic". Boston Globe.
  12. ^ Rosenberg, Howard. "Metacritic". Los Angeles Times.
  13. ^ Steve Rosen
    Dave Darlington. "Oz – Original Soundtrack (2001)". Billboard. Retrieved 2009-10-21.

Additional sources[edit]

  • Season 1, Episode 2, DVD Commentary on "Oz: The Complete First Season."
  • Season 2, Episode 5, "Oz: The Complete Second Season."

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]