Basutoland

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Basutoland
1822–1966
Unofficial flag (1951-1966)
Royal anthem: "God Save the Queen"
Status	Sovereign State 1822-1884 Crown Colony under partial local rule 1884-1966
Capital	Maseru
Languages	English (official) Sesotho
Government	Constitutional monarchy
Paramount Chief or Monarch
• 1822-1870	Moshoeshoe I (before Basutoland became a British colony)
• 1870-1884 (independent period of Letsie I's reign)	Letsie I
• 1884–1901	Victoria (after Basutoland became a British colony)
• 1952–1966	Elizabeth II
Commissioner
• 1884–1894	Marshal Clarke
• 1961–1965	Alexander Giles
Paramount Chief (Post-Colonization)
• 1884-1891 (non-independent period of reign)	Letsie I
• 1891-1905	Lerotholi Letsie I
• 1905-1913	Letsie II
• 1913-1939	Nathaniel Griffith Lerotholi
• 1939-1960	Simon Seeiso Griffith
• 1960-1966 (afterwards as King of Lesotho)	Moshoeshoe II
Establishment
History
• British territory	12 March 1868
• Cape colony	3 November 1871
• Crown colony	18 March 1884
• Independence	4 October 1966
• Established	1822
• Disestablished	1966
Area
• Total	30,355 km2 (11,720 sq mi)
Population
• 1875	128,206
• 1904	348,848[1]
Currency	pound sterling rand (from 1961)
Preceded by Succeeded by Cape Colony Lesotho
Today part of	Lesotho

Basutoland was a British Crown colony established in 1884 due to the Cape Colony's inability to control the territory. It was divided into seven administrative districts: Berea, Leribe, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, Mafeteng, Qacha's Nek and Quthing. The colony was brought under direct authority of Queen Victoria, via the High Commissioner, and run by an Executive Council presided over by a series of British Resident Commissioners.

Basutoland was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho upon its independence from the United Kingdom on 4 October 1966.

Contents

• 1 History
• 2 Executive branch
• 3 Legislative branch
• 4 Paramount Chief
• 5 Population
• 6 Districts
• 7 British Resident Commissioners
• 8 Chief Justices
• 9 References
• 10 External links

History[edit]

Between 1856 and 1868 the Basuto engaged in conflict with the Orange Free State.^[2] Their King, Moshoeshoe I, sought British protection.^[2] On 29 August 1865, he wrote to Sir Philip Wodehouse, the Governor of Cape Colony:^[2]

I am giving myself and my country up to Her Majesty's Government under certain conditions which we may agree on between your Excellency and me.

In July 1866, after referring to the former letter, the Chief said:^[2]

All those things I have given up into your hands the last year..., they are still yours. I still continue to be the humble servant of Her Majesty.

Postage stamp with a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1963

Eventually, in January 1868, the Governor received a document dated 9 December 1867, signed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, authorizing the annexation of Basutoland to the Colony of Natal (not to the Cape as Wodehouse had wished).^[2] On 12 March 1868, a proclamation declared the Basotho to be British subjects and Basutoland to be British territory.^[3] It was not in fact annexed to Natal but rather placed under the direct authority of the High Commissioner for South Africa.^[2]

Three years later, it was annexed to the Cape Colony by Act No. 12 of 1871 of the Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope, confirmed by Order in Council of 3 November 1871.^[2] Cape Colony rule proved unpopular with the people, and by an Order in Council dated 2 February 1884, and brought into force on 18 March 1884,^[4] royal assent was given to a Cape bill repealing the Act of 1871. Basutoland was thus brought under the direct authority of the Queen, with legislative and executive powers vested in the High Commissioner.^[2]

Executive branch[edit]

Basutoland's Executive Council members were the resident commissioner, who presided, three ex-officio members and four council members from the Basutoland National Council, appointed by the resident commissioner, one by the Paramount Chief and three nominated by the Council itself, selected by secret ballot.

Legislative branch[edit]

The legislative council, known as the Basutoland National Council, consisted of a non-voting President appointed by the Resident Commissioner, four official members (ex officio), twenty-two Chiefs, forty elected members elected by District Councils, and fourteen nominated members appointed by the Resident Commissioner on the nomination of the Paramount Chief. The Resident Commissioner had the right to address the Council.

The Commissioner had authority to make laws by Proclamation on certain subjects, such as external affairs, defence and the public service. These matters were excluded from the powers of the National Council, but the Commissioner was required to lay a draft of any Proclamation before the Council and to consider their observations. The Constitution made special provision regarding particular objections made by the Council.

Paramount Chief[edit]

There was a College of Chiefs of Basutoland whose function related to matters pertaining to the offices of the Paramount Chief, Chief and Headman. Their decisions and recommendations were submitted for acceptance to the Paramount Chief. They were subject to review by the High Court.

The Constitution vested a number of functions in the Paramount Chief. In exercising these, he was required in most cases to consult either with the Executive Council or with the Resident Commissioner, a Council member of the Executive and a member of the Basuto Nation appointed by himself.

Land in Basutoland was vested by the Constitution in the Paramount Chief in trust for the Basuto Nation, subject to lawfully acquired rights.

Population[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Basutoland" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Considering the extensive area of uninhabitable mountain land it contained, the territory supported a large population. The inhabitants increased from 128,206 in 1875, to 348,848 in 1904. Women outnumbered men by about 20,000, which was, however, about the number of adult men away from the country at any given period. The majority lived in the district between the Maloti mountains and the Caledon river. The great bulk of the people were Basuto, but there were some thousands of Barolong. The White inhabitants in 1904 numbered 895. The seat of government was Maseru, on the left bank of the Caledon, with a population of about 1,000 including some 100 Europeans. There were numerous mission stations throughout Basutoland, to several of which Biblical names have been given, such as Shiloh, Hermon, Cana, Bethesda, and Berea.

Districts[edit]

• Berea District
• Leribe District
• Maseru District
• Mohales Hoek District
• Mafeteng District
• Qacha's Nek District
• Quthing District

British Resident Commissioners[edit]

Incumbent	Tenure		Notes
	Took office	Left office
Sir Marshal James Clarke	18 March 1884	18 September 1894	Afterwards Resident Commissioner in Zululand, 1894
Godfrey Yeatman Lagden	18 September 1894	1895
Sir Herbert Cecil Sloley	1895
Godfrey Yeatman Lagden	1895	1901
Sir Herbert Cecil Sloley	1902	1903
James MacGregor	1913
Sir Herbert Cecil Sloley	1913	1916
Robert Thorne Coryndon	1916	1917	Afterwards Governor of Uganda, 1918
Sir Edward Charles Frederick Garraway	1917	Apr 1926
John Christian Ramsay Sturrock	Apr 1926	Mar 1935
Sir Edmund Charles Smith Richards	Mar 1935	Aug 1942	Afterwards Governor of Nyasaland, 1942
Sir Charles Noble Arden-Clarke	Aug 1942	Nov 1946	Afterwards Governor of Sarawak, 1946
Aubrey Denzil Forsyth-Thompson	Nov 1946	24 October 1951
Edwin Porter Arrowsmith	24 October 1951	Sep 1956
Alan Geoffrey Tunstal Chaplin	Sep 1956	1961
Alexander Falconer Giles	1961	30 April 1965

Chief Justices[edit]

The Chief Justice was the Chief Justice of the High Commission Territories (Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate and Swaziland).^[5] From 1951 the Chief Justices were:

Incumbent	Tenure		Notes
	Took office	Left office
Walter Harragin	1951	1952
Harold Curwen Willan	1952	1956
Herbert Charles Fahie Cox	1957	1960
Peter Watkin-Williams	1961	1966

References[edit]

1. ^ Census of the British empire. 1901. London: HMSO. 1906. p. 160.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Roberts-Wray, Sir Kenneth (1966). Commonwealth and Colonial Law. London: F.A. Praeger. p. 830.
3. ^ Tylden, G. (1950). The Rise of the Basuto. Juta. p. 107.
4. ^ S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. III, 79
5. ^ "Bechuanaland Colonial Administrators c.1884-c.1965". Retrieved 27 February 2016.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Basutoland". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links[edit]

• British Empire portal

• The British Empire.co: Basutoland map room

v t e Lesotho articles
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Authority control	BNF: cb11996002v (data) ISNI: 0000 0001 0721 7956 LCCN: n80030450 SUDOC: 028045734 VIAF: 130118920 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 130118920

Coordinates: 29°31′00″S 27°48′00″E / 29.5167°S 27.8000°E / -29.5167; 27.8000

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