Eungella National Park

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Eungella National Park
Queensland
IUCN category II (national park)
Eungella Falls.JPG
Araluen Falls in Eungella National Park
Eungella National Park is located in Queensland
Eungella National Park
Eungella National Park
Nearest town or cityMackay
Coordinates20°51′41″S 148°39′52″E / 20.86139°S 148.66444°E / -20.86139; 148.66444Coordinates: 20°51′41″S 148°39′52″E / 20.86139°S 148.66444°E / -20.86139; 148.66444
Established1941
Area517 km2 (199.6 sq mi)
Managing authoritiesQueensland Parks and Wildlife Service
WebsiteEungella National Park
See alsoProtected areas of Queensland

Welcome sign at the entrance to Eungella National Park
There are many well maintained paths in Eungella National Park
Interpretive signage helps visitors understand the ecology and features of Eungella National Park
Day use areas for visitors to Eungella National Park are well used and well maintained
The view down the Pioneer Valley from sky window
Many large trees with buttressed roots can be seen on the Cedar Grove Track in Eungella National Park
A climbing plant Pothos brownii on a tree trunk on the rainforest discovery track at Eungella National Park
A fan palm in the rainforest on the Rainforest Discovery Track, Eungella National Park
Australian brushturkeys are common in the rainforest and day use areas at Eungella National Park
Lantana is a weed found in Eungella National Park, especially on roadsides and in disturbed areas

Eungella (/ˈjʌŋɡɛlə/ YUNG-gel-ə; meaning "Land of the clouds") is an Australian township nestled on the edge of the Clarke Range at the end of the Pioneer Valley 80 km west of Mackay, and 858 km northwest of Brisbane. Eungella is noted for the national park which surrounds it. It is considered to be the longest continual stretch of sub-tropical rainforest in Australia. The original inhabitants are the Wirri people.[1] The park is covered by dense rainforest and is known for its platypuses. Also, it has a dam that supplies water for Collinsville, Mackay and Moranbah.

Regional description[edit]

Eungella National Park is located on an isolated massif about 80 km west of Mackay in North–central Queensland.[2] The Eungella Plateau rises to 1259m at Mt Dalrymple and to similar elevation at Mt William, forming part of the Clarke Range.[2][3] The park preserves about half (30,000 ha) the area of rainforest present at the time of European settlement, which has been much reduced by logging.[3] Rainforest in the National Park ranges from high elevation, notophyll vine forest to low elevation mesophyll forests at the base of the ranges.[4] Notophyll vine forest with tall eucalypts such as red stringybark (Eucalyptus resinifera) is found on the ridges of eastern facing slopes and drier western slopes often contain hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii).[2] The rainforests of the Eungella massif represent one of the most isolated patches of this vegetation type in Australia.[3] The rainforest is bordered by eucalypt forests and woodlands across much of its extent.[2]

History and climate[edit]

Eungella National Park was declared over 49,610 hectares in 1941.[2] In 1986 the National Park was extended to include land at Mt Beatrice and a small area of former State Forest near Finch Hatton, so that today the park encompasses 52,900 ha.[5]

The word Eungella is an aboriginal name meaning 'land of the cloud' and with an average annual rainfall of 2240mm, it often seems perched in a cloud.[2] The temperature is generally around five degrees cooler than the surrounding lowlands.[2]

Endemic species[edit]

Eungella National Park is recognised as a centre of endemism for Australian rainforest species.[6] There were three key refuge areas in mid-east Queensland during past periods of rainforest contraction.[2][6] The most important is thought to have been in the Clarke Range and Eungella National Park area, which support many endemic species including a leaftail gecko, Phyllurus nepthys, a spiny crayfish, Euastacus eungella, a skink, Eulamprus luteilateralis, and three frogs, Taudactylus liemi (Eungella tinker frog), Taudactylus eungellensis (Eungella torrent frog or Eungella dayfrog) and Rheobatrachus vitellinus (northern gastric-brooding frog).[6]

Flora[edit]

A total of 16 species of fungi, 19 mosses, 4 conifers, 92 ferns, 299 dicots and 54 monocots are recorded as occurring in the National Park.[7] Much of the rainforest in the National Park is complex mesophyll vine forest with pockets of simple and complex notophyll vine forests on poorer soils.[2] Many of the vegetation communities including rainforests, vine thickets and vine forests are considered fire sensitive.[8]

Dicots[edit]

Elaeocarpus largiflorens is a rainforest tree reaching 30 m in height which occurs in the wet tropics from sea level to 1200 m elevation and is at the southern limit of its natural range at Eungella.[9] It produces 20 mm long fruits that are eaten and dispersed by a range of frugivorous vertebrates.[9] The Eungella hairy daisy (Ozothamnus eriocephalus) is a shrub species with very limited range, currently listed as vulnerable at both state and federal levels.[7][10] Omphalea celata is a small tree currently listed as vulnerable at a state and federal level, which was first described in 1994 and is found at Hazlewood Gorge within the park.[11] It is a host plant for the zodiac moth (Alcides metaurus).[12]

Ferns[edit]

In the southern half of Queensland, the giant fern (Angiopteris evecta) is found in only four widely spaced sites, including Eungella, which may indicate a past wider distribution when Queensland was much wetter.[10] This species needs a highly-reliable water supply and high humidity to sustain its enormous fronds.[10] The vulnerable Dryopteris sparsa is also found in the park.[7]

Fauna[edit]

Over 175 species of mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians have been recorded in the park.[7]

Birds[edit]

111 species of birds have been recorded in Eungella National Park.[7] The Eungella honeyeater (Lichenostomus hindwoodi) is endemic to the highland rainforest of the Clarke Range, including the park.[13] It can be distinguished from it is close relative and sister species the bridled honeyeater (Lichenostomus frenata) by its plumage colour and markings, size, bill colour and calls.[13][14] It was first collected in 1975 and described in 1982, making it the most recently described Australian bird species.[13][14] It occurs in the park, and also feeds in adjacent eucalypt woodlands.[6]

The red-necked crake (Rallina tricolor), previously thought to only occur as far south as Townsville, was first observed in the park in 1981.[15] The buff-breasted paradise kingfisher (Tanysiptera sylvia) and the white-browed robin (Poecilodryas superciliosa) are at the southern extent of their distribution at Eungella.[2] The regent bowerbird (Sericulus chrysocephalus) occurs at its northern limit in the park and surrounding area.[16][17][18] as does the brown thornbill (Acanthisa pusilla)[16][19] and the glossy black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami).[20] Grey swiftlets (also known as Australian swiftlets) (Aerodramus terraereginea) breed in caves in the Finch Hatton Creek area,[17][21] and glossy swiftlets (Collocalia esculenta) are also found in the park.[22]

Amphibians[edit]

A total of 16 amphibian species have been recorded in the park.[7] Globally, amphibians have undergone rapid and extensive decline in recent decades, due in part to habitat loss and pollution, but unknown factors threaten almost half the species in decline.[23] Amphibians are more threatened and are declining more rapidly than either birds or mammals.[23] An exotic and highly-virulent pathogen may be contributing to the decline of rainforest frog species in eastern Australia.[24] The causative agent may be the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis,[25] although this has not as yet been detected in stream-dwelling frogs in the park.[26]

Eungella National Park is recognised as one of eleven areas with high levels of frog endemism.[27] Of the three endemic frog species endemic, two are still believed to exist today, the Eungella dayfrog and the Eungella tinker frog, while one species, the northern gastric brooding frog is believed extinct.[7][28] All three species are ground dwelling and their distribution is restricted to streams or areas close to streams in mid to high elevation rainforests.[26][28]

The Eungella dayfrog was previously more common, but has declined in number and distribution in recent decades, and is now considered endangered at a state and federal level.[7][28] The peak breeding period for this species is between January and May, but tadpoles at all sizes and developmental stages can be found throughout the year.[29] This frog is one of only two species known to use body language, including small hops and movements of the arms and legs, to attract the attention of other frogs; a behaviour which may have evolved due to the noise of mountain streams rushing over rocks in its habitat making calling a less effective means of communication.[2][30]

The Eungella tinkerfrog is considered near threatened in Queensland.[7] It occurs between 180 and 1250m elevation, but is sparsely distributed and rarely seen.[31] Potential threats to this species include forest grazing, trampling by livestock, introduced species such as the cane toad (Rhinella marina) and the chytrid fungus.[31]

The northern gastric brooding frog (Rheobatrachus vitellinus) was discovered in January 1984, but has not been seen since March 1985 and is believed to be extinct.[7][26][32] It is one of only two species in the world known to brood its young in its stomach, with the mother swallowing fertilised eggs or early larval stages, before 'giving birth' through the mouth.[2] Its distribution was exclusively undisturbed rainforest within Eungella National Park at altitudes of 400-1000m, before it underwent a sudden range contraction and disappeared.[26]

Mammals[edit]

28 species of mammals have been recorded in the park.[7] This includes several bat species including the little bent-wing bat (Miniopterus australis), eastern horseshoe-bat (Rhionlophus megaphyllus), eastern blossom–bat (Syconycteris australis), eastern forest-bat (Vespadelus pumilus), northern long-eared bat (Nyctophilus bifax) and grey-headed flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus).[7]

Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) are often seen at the viewing platform at Broken River which is the most visited location in the park.[33] They have an unusual foraging behaviour and are the only mammal known to use electrolocation for detecting prey.[34] Platypus are generally found in slow-moving rivers and small pools and are highly adapted to a semi-aquatic life.[35] They have extremely dense fur, large webs on their feet extending well beyond the toenails, a broad, flat tail and excellent swimming ability, paddling with their forelegs in alternating strokes, with their hindlegs and tail trailing behind.[35] When foraging, captured prey is stored in two cheek pouches and later masticated and swallowed when the platypus surfaces.[35] An apparent feeding association has been noted between the azure kingfisher (Ceyx azurea) and the platypus at Eungella National Park, where the birds have been observed watching for fish disturbed by the platypus, before diving into the water in search of prey.[36]

Reptiles[edit]

20 species of reptiles occur in the park.[7] Three species of leaf-tailed geckos (Phyllurus ossa, P. isis and P. nepthys) occur in small rainforest patches in and around the park.[37] P. nepthys is endemic to the Clarke Range.[37] Two species of snake Cacophis scanloni and C. sheai were recently described and are believed to be endemic to the Eungella area.[38] The recently discovered orange-sided rainforest skink (Sphenomorphus luteilateralis) is endemic to the area, and is restricted to upland rainforest above 900m in moist areas which contain rotting logs and palm fronds.[2][39] The skink species Lampropholis basiliscus reaches its southern limit at Eungella.[2]

Insects[edit]

There are several endemic or range-restricted insect species found in Eungella National Park. A study of the order Diptera (flies) in seven rainforest locations found that the long-isolated, high elevation, rain-forested massif at Eungella were a unique entity in the analyses, characterized by high numbers of Chironomidae, Psychodidae, Tipulidae and Empididae.[3] Flies in the genus Cyamops including; C. pectinatus, C. dayi, C. delta and C. pectiatus have been collected in damp areas in the park including near streams, waterfalls and marshes.[40] The fly species Drosphila birchii is restricted to patches of warm, wet tropical rainforest between New Guinea and Eungella.[41]

The katydid Phricta zwicka has been collected from Eungella National Park.[42] The Megalopteran Protochauliodes eungella is known only from the Eungella area.[43] Two new species from the order Odonata were collected in the Eungella area; Austroaeschna christine and A. eungella.[44] A survey of butterflies in the park undertaken in 1993 recorded 37 species with an additional 15 species known from museum and private records.[45]

Crustaceans[edit]

The Eungella spiny crayfish is unique to the creeks on the Clarke Range.[2] It is listed as critically endangered due to its limited range, fragmented distribution, habitat decline due to exotic species, such as feral pigs (Sus scrofa), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), feral cats (Felis catus) and cane toads, and its vulnerability to climate change.[46]

Environmental threats[edit]

Threats to the biodiversity of Eungella National Park include habitat fragmentation, the effects of introduced species, fire and human impacts.

Pest plants and animals[edit]

Many introduced animals have been recorded in the park including the cane toad, red fox, feral cat, rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), black rat (Rattus rattus), house mouse (Mus musculus), and feral pig.[7] Pigs disturb the ground, promoting the spread of weeds, remove natural recruitment of flora and fauna and can be vectors for pathogens such as cinnamon fungus (Phytopthera cinnamomi).[47][48] Cinnamon fungus has been found on the Clarke Range, including in one area of Dalrymple Heights, where approximately 20% of the rainforest has died.[49]

Cats, foxes and feral dogs (Canis familiaris) can threaten native fauna through predation, competition for resources and transmission of disease.[50] In Australia, cats are known to prey on 186 native bird species, 64 mammal species, 87 species of reptile, 10 species of amphibians and numerous invertebrates.[51] Foxes prey on possums, small dasyurids, native rats, and other mammals, birds and insects.[50] Feral dogs hunt alone or in packs and can prey on larger mammals such as wallabies.[50] Road construction and fragmentation of habitat can expose local populations of native animals to predation by exotic predators that may otherwise have difficulties penetrating dense forest environments.[50] Much of Eungella National Park is accessible only by walking tracks, which may limit feral animal spread, but may make control more difficult.

Weeds including lantana (Lantana camara), blue morning glory (Ipomoea indica) and red Natal grass (Melinis repens) are common on the disturbed edges of the park and roadsides. Lantana is a Class 3 Pest in the state of Queensland, and is recognised as a weed of national significance [52] (Mackay Regional Pest Management Group 2013). Other highly-flammable weeds common in the park include guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus), rat's tail grasses (Sporobolus spp.), para grass (Urochloa mutica) and molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora).[53]

Fire[edit]

Fire is a key disturbing pressure on the rainforests of Eungella National Park, and can result in fragmentation of the rainforest into smaller areas less capable of maintaining the present complexity of plants and animals and increasing edge effects.[2] The rainforest, vine thicket, vine forest and riparian communities found in the park do not require fire for regeneration, and it may irreversibly alter the species composition and community structure, simplifying ecosystems and reducing floristic and structural diversity.[53] Fire can also reduce litter, fallen logs and hollow-bearing trees which provide critical habitat for some species.[53]

Management[edit]

Eungella National Park is managed by the Queensland Department of National Parks, Sport and Racing. There is currently no management plan for the park. National Parks are managed to provide for the permanent preservation of the area's natural condition and the protection of the area's cultural resources and values.[54] Other management principles for National Parks are to present the park's cultural and natural resources and their values and to ensure that park use is nature based and ecologically sustainable.[54]

Economic benefits[edit]

National parks and other protected areas have traditionally been created and funded primarily to provide conservation benefits, but they can also provide economic benefits, particularly in rural and regional areas, through job creation and visitor spending.[33] A visitor survey conducted in 2001 estimated that visitors to Eungella National Park spend $10.9 million in the local region annually.[33]

Facilities[edit]

Camping is permitted at Fern Flat campground, which is accessible by walking only.[55] The Broken River picnic area has facilities for day visitors.

There are more than 20 km of bushwalking tracks, some with scenic lookouts. A platform on the Broken River provides good viewing of platypus, eels and turtles.[55]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Birri Gubba Aboriginal Corporation (August 1996). Eungella Moranbah Water Pipeline Cultural Impact Assessment Report. Mackay, Queensland: Mackay Highlands Study Area Historical Timeline DNR Forest Resources. p. 3.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Winter, J., and K. R. McDonald. 1986. Eungella: the land of the cloud. Australian Natural History 22:39-43.
  3. ^ a b c d Kitching, R. L., D. Bickel, A. C. Creagh, K. Hurley, and C. Symonds. 2004. The biodiversity of Diptera in old world rain forest surveys: a comparative faunistic analysis. Journal of Biogeography 31:1185-1200.
  4. ^ Majer, J. D., R. L. Kitching, B. E. Heterick, K. Hurley, and K. E. C. Brennan. 2001. North–South patterns within arboreal ant assemblages from rain forests in eastern Australia. Biotropica 33:643-661.
  5. ^ Queensland Government. 2001. Mackay Highlands management statement.
  6. ^ a b c d Low, T. 1993. Last of the rainforests: rainforest refuges of the Mackay region. Wildlife Australia 30:18-21.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Queensland Government. 2015. Wildlife Online Extract for Eungella National Park.
  8. ^ Reef Catchments. 2014. Natural resource management plan, Mackay Whitsunday Issac.
  9. ^ a b Rossetto, M., D. Crayn, A. Ford, P. Ridgeway, and P. Rymer. 2007. The comparative study of range-wide genetic structure across related, co-distributed rainforest trees reveals contrasting evolutionary histories. Australian Journal of Botany 55:416-424.
  10. ^ a b c Low, T. 2011. Climate change and terrestrial biodiversity in Queensland. Department of Environment and Resource Management, Queensland Government., Brisbane.
  11. ^ Forster, P. I. 1995. Omphalea celata, a new species of Euphorbiaceae from central Queensland. Austrobaileya 4:381-385
  12. ^ Forster, P. I., and G. Sankowsky. 1995. New Euphorbia host records for the Zodiac Moth Alcides zodiaca (Lepidoptera: Uraniidae). The Australian Entomologist 22:15.
  13. ^ a b c Longmore, N. W., and W. E. Boles. 1983. Description and systematics of the Eungella Honeyeater Meliphaga hindwoodi . A new species of Honeyeater from Central Eastern Queensland, Australia. Emu 83:59-65.
  14. ^ a b Nyari, A. S., and L. Joseph. 2011. Systematic dismantlement of Lichenostomus improves the basis for understanding relationships within the honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) and the historical development of Australo-Papuan bird communities. Emu 111.
  15. ^ Woodall, P. F., and L. B. Woodall. 1983. The Red-necked Crake Rallina tricolor in Eungella National Park, Queensland. Sunbird 13:68-70
  16. ^ a b Bristowe, E. K., H. Laybourne-Smith, and A. Lendon. 1972. Records from an ornithological tour of Queensland. The Sunbird 3:67-75
  17. ^ a b Chisholm, A. H. 1965. Bird-notes from Eungella. Emu 65:164.
  18. ^ Robertson, J. S. 1961. Mackay report. Emu 61:270-274.
  19. ^ Hopkins, N. 1971. The Brown Thornbill at Eungella - and extension of range. The Sunbird 82.
  20. ^ Pierce, R. 1984. Range extension of Glossy Black Cockatoos. Sunbird 14:10-11.
  21. ^ Smyth, D. M. 1976. The Grey Swiftlet colony at Finch Hatton Gorge. Sunbird 7:65-66.
  22. ^ Boles, W. E., and D. H. Barry. 1975. Glossy Swiftlet at Eungella National Park, Qld. Sunbird 6:97-98.
  23. ^ a b Stuart, S. N., J. S. Chanson, N. A. Cox, B. E. Young, A. S. L. Rodrigues, D. L. Fischman, and R. W. Waller. 2004. Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science 306:1783-1786.
  24. ^ Laurance, W. F., K. R. McDonald, and R. Speare. 1996. Epidemic disease and the catastrophic decline of Australian rain forest frogs. Conservation Biology 10:406-413.
  25. ^ Berger, L., R. Speare, and A. Hyatt. 1999. Chytrid fungus and amphibian declines: overview, implications and future directions. Pages 23-33 in A. Campbell, editor. Declines and disappearances of Australian frogs. Environment Australia, Canberra.
  26. ^ a b c d Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. 2000. Recovery plan for the stream-dwelling frogs of the Eungella region of mid eastern Queensland 2000-2004
  27. ^ Slatyer, C., D. Rosauer, and F. Lemckert. 2007. An assessment of endemism and species richness patterns in the Australian Anura. Journal of Biogeography 34:583-596.
  28. ^ a b c Clarke, J. M. 2006. Habitat, microhabitat and calling behavior of Taudactylus pleione Czechura (Anura: Myobatrachidae) a critically endangered frog from central Queensland, Australia. Centre for Environmental Management. Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland.
  29. ^ Retallick, R. W. R., and J.-M. Hero. 1998. The Tadpoles of Taudactylus eungellensis and T. liemi and a key to the stream-dwelling tadpoles of the Eungella rainforest in East-Central Queensland, Australia. Journal of Herpetology 32:304-309.
  30. ^ Howes, J., and C. Smyth 1994. The edge of extinction: Australia's threatened wildlife. Gould League of Victoria, moorabbin, Victoria.
  31. ^ a b Hero, J., R. Alford, M. Cunningham, K. McDonald, J. Clarke, and R. Retallick. 2004. Taudactylus liemi. The IUCN Red List of threatened species.
  32. ^ McNellie, M., and J. M. Hero. 1994. In search of the missing rainforest frogs of Eungella. Wildlife Australia 31:21-22.
  33. ^ a b c Lindberg, K., and J. Denstadli, M. 2004. The impact of national park visitation on rural economies and government revenue in Queensland: examples of Girraween, Eungella, Daintree and Carnarvon. CRC for Sustainable Tourism, Pty, Ltd., Gold Coast, Queensland.
  34. ^ Scheich, H., G. Langer, C. Tidemann, R. B. Coles, and A. Guppy. 1986. Electroception and electrolocation in platypus. Nature 39:401-402.
  35. ^ a b c Kruuk, H. 1993. The diving behaviour of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in waters with different trophic status. Journal of Applied Ecology 30:592-598.
  36. ^ Troughton, G. J., and S. Wray. 1994. An apparent feeding association between the Azure Kingfisher Ceyx azurea and the Platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus. Sunbird 24:45.
  37. ^ a b Stuart-Fox, D. M., C. J. Schneider, C. Moritz, and P. J. Couper. 2001. Comparative phylogeography of three rainforest-restricted lizards from mid-east Queensland. Australian Journal of Zoology 49:119-127.
  38. ^ Hoser, R. T. 2014. New snake taxa from Australasia, Asia and Africa. Australasian Journal of Herpetology 23:13-21.
  39. ^ Sadlier, R., P. J. Couper, E. Vanderduys, and E. Rickard. 2005. A new species of Scincid Lizard Saproscincus eungellensis, from mid-eastern Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 51:559-571.
  40. ^ Khoo, K. C. 1984. The Australian species of Cyamops Melander (Diptera: Periscelididae). Australian Journal of Zoology 32:527-536.
  41. ^ Kelemen, L., and C. Moritz. 1999. Comparative phylogeography of a sibling pair of rainforest Drosophila species (Drosophila serrata and D. birchii). Evolution 53:1306-1311.
  42. ^ Rentz, D. C., Y. N. Su, and N. Ueshima. 2005. Studies in Australian Tettigoniidae. The genus Phricta Redtenbacher (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae; Pseudophyllinae; Phrictini). Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 131:131-158.
  43. ^ Theischinger, G. 1999. Inventory of Australian Megaloptera larvae and resulting implications for the classification of the group (Insecta: Neuropterida). Neue Folge 138:85-100.
  44. ^ Theischinger, G. 1993. Two new species of Austroaeschna SELYS from Queensland, Australia (Odonata: Aeshnidae: Brachytroninae). Linzer Biology 25:805-819.
  45. ^ Dunn, K. 2006. Butterfly checklist for five National Parks in eastern Australia: compiled unpublished reports sent to state conservation services during the 1990s. Caloderma 6:10-28.
  46. ^ furse, J., and J. Coughran. 2010. Eustacus eungella. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species version 2014.3.
  47. ^ Folkers, A., and M. Field. 2011. Regional pest management strategy Isaac Mackay Whitsunday 2011-2014.
  48. ^ Mitchell, J., W. Dorney, R. Mayer, and J. McIlroy. 2007. Ecological impacts of feral pig diggings in north Queensland rainforests. Wildlife Research 34:603-608.
  49. ^ Gadek, P. 1999. Introduction and overview. Patch deaths in tropical Queensland rainforestes: association and impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi and other soil-bourne pathogens. Pages 1-8. Cooperative Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology and Management, Cairns.
  50. ^ a b c d May, S. A., and T. W. Norton. 1996. Influence of fragmentation and disturbance on the potential impact of feral predators on native fauna in Australian forest ecosystems. Wildlife Research 23:387-400.
  51. ^ Paton, D. C. 1993. Impacts of domestic and feral cats on wildlife. in G. Siepen, and C. Owens, editors. Proceedings of cat management workshop. Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage, Brisbane.
  52. ^ Mackay Regional Pest Management Group 2013. Weeds of the Mackay Whitsunday Region. Mackay Regional Pest Management Group., Mackay, QLD.
  53. ^ a b c Ball, D. 2013. 3.1 Clarke Connors Range. State of the region report Mackay Whitsunday Issac. Reef Catchments, Mackay.
  54. ^ a b Department of National Parks Sport and Racing. 2015. Managing protected areas - Principles. www.nprsr.qld.gov.au/managing/principles/index.html.
  55. ^ a b "About Eungella". Department of National Parks, Recreation, Sport and Racing. 17 September 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

External links[edit]

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