American Popular Revolutionary Alliance

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This article is about the political party. For the Indonesian separatist movement, see Angkatan Perang Ratu Adil.
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance

Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana
Secretary-GeneralElías Rodríguez
Benigno Chirinos
SpokespersonJorge Del Castillo
FounderVíctor Raúl Haya de la Torre
FoundedMay 7, 1924 (1924-05-07) (Mexico)
September 20, 1930 (1930-09-20) (Peru)
HeadquartersAv. Alfonso Ugarte N° 1012, Breña, Lima, Perú
IdeologySocial democracy
Democratic socialism
Progressivism
Political positionCentre-left[1]
International affiliationSocialist International
Seats in Congress
0 / 130
Governorships
0 / 25
Regional Councillors
5 / 274
Provincial Mayors
3 / 196
Website
www.apra.org.pe

The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance - Peruvian Aprista Party (Spanish: Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana - Partido Aprista Peruano) (About this soundlisten (help·info)) is a centre-left Peruvian political party.

At the legislative elections held on 9 April 2006, the party won 22.6% of the popular vote and 36 out of 120 seats in the Congress of the Republic. Its presidential candidate at the elections of the same day, Alan García, won 24.3% of the vote and went on to win the second round on 4 June 2006 with 52.6%.

History[edit]

APRA was founded by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre in Mexico City on 7 May 1924 with aspirations to becoming a continent-wide party, and it subsequently influenced a number of other Latin American political movements, including Bolivia's Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario, MNR) and Costa Rica's National Liberation Party (Partido Liberación Nacional, PLN).

It is the oldest surviving political party in Peru and one of the best established. APRA is as much a social phenomenon as a political movement, with a membership whose loyalty to the party has been unwavering for several generations.

APRA initially espoused anti-imperialism, Pan-Americanism, international solidarity and economic nationalism. Years of repression and clandestinity, as well as Haya de la Torre's single-handed dominance of the party, resulted in striking sectarian and hierarchical traits.[2] The party's structure and the party's hold over its rank and file proved more lasting than its original program.

Political activity since 1980[edit]

After several years of military rule, APRA was allowed to participate as a legal political party in 1979. The party gathered strong support from the electorate, managing to win a majority of seats in the newly created Constitutional Assembly, and supervised the first democratic elections in 12 years.

Haya de la Torre was elected president of the Constituent Assembly and was slated to run as the party's presidential candidate in 1980. However, he died before the election. The party was divided between Armando Villanueva and Andres Townsend, each one of them claiming to be the political and ideological heirs of Haya de la Torre. APRA chose Villanueva as its candidate, while Townsend and other members left the party to create the Movimiento de Bases Hayistas. The split among the Apristas allowed former president Fernando Belaúnde Terry of Acción Popular to win the election.

However, APRA managed to win in virtual control of both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. It was also during these election that Alan García started his political career, after being elected Deputy for the Province of Lima.

The youthful and charismatic García was elected president on April 14, 1985, with 45% of the vote during the first round. Since he did not receive the 50% of the vote required to win the presidency, García was required to enter the second round against Alfonso Barrantes Lingán (the leftist mayor of Lima) of the Izquierda Unida Coalition. Barrantes, however, decided not to enter the second round of the elections, saying he did not want to prolong the political uncertainty of the country.

García was thus declared president on June 1 and officially took power on July 28, 1985. It was the first time in its sixty-year history that the populist APRA party had come to power in Peru.

His presidency was marked by hyperinflation with the annual rate exceeding 7,500 percent by the end of the period.

In May 1989, APRA chose as its standard bearer Luis Alva Castro, a long-time rival to García. Despite APRA's less-than-successful time in power, it managed to obtain 19.6 percent of the vote in the first round of the 1990 elections, more than any of the other parties.

For the final runoff, it is thought that APRA may have cut a deal with Cambio 90, Alberto Fujimori, to prevent the leading candidate Mario Vargas Llosa from getting elected. In any case, Fujimori was subsequently elected.

At García's farewell speech, he was booed by the entire opposition forces and prevented from speaking. That same day the board of the Chamber of Deputies requested the creation of a special committee to investigate García's Presidency, accusing him of corruption and illicit enrichment. The committee was presided by Fernando Olivera, who attacked García with various accusations involving embezzlement and corruption. Finally, the Supreme Court declared null all the informs and constitutional accusations against García, who at the time was serving as a Senator for Life. He returned to the Senate on 20 March 1992.

As Fujimori assumed the Presidency, Congress was dominated by the opposition forces of Mario Vargas Llosa's Democratic Front. Fujimori's party had gained only 32 deputies out of 180, and 14 senators out of 60. The majority was divided between APRA and the Democratic Front, each with a 30% of Congress. The two movements were opposed to Fujimori's economic policies, and vetoed most of his laws. They even prepared a special in-door congress election to declare the vacancy of the Presidency.

Fujimori convened elections for a Democratic Constituent Congress, in which APRA did not participate. In 1995, general elections were held, and the APRA nominee for President was Mercedes Cabanillas, gaining only 4%, behind former United Nations Secretary General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (21%) and the reelected Fujimori (64%). The party only got 7 congressman out of 120, while Fujimori dominated Congress with 68.

In 2000, Abel Salinas was elected as the presidential nominee, being the worst general election for APRA, gaining 1%. Only 6 APRA congressman were elected. As many assume the election was a fraud, Fujimori resigned after the corruption of his government was revealed by the opposition.

At the elections, the party won 19.7% of the popular vote and 28 out of 120 seats in Congress. Its presidential candidate at the elections of the same day, Alan García Pérez, won 25.8% of the vote and was defeated in the second round by Alejandro Toledo.

In February 2005, García officially commenced his campaign for the 2006 presidential election. He came in second place by a slim margin over Lourdes Flores, and faced Ollanta Humala in a run-off election on June 4. He became president again as Humala conceded after exit polls and partial vote counts showed García leading. [1]. He officially took power on July 28, 2006.

APRA is a member of the Socialist International.

The youth organization of APRA is known as Juventud Aprista Peruana.

Hilda Gadea – the first female Secretary of the Economy of the Executive National Committee for APRA; later married Che Guevara and wrote a memoir.[3]

National Executive Committee[edit]

The National Executive Committee of the Peruvian Aprista Party is the implementing body of organic action and mobilization of the party. It is the responsibility of the National Executive Committee to give the unit of total action committees and party cadres, efficiently support the development of decentralized activities and delegate decision-making authority to the Base Committees throughout the Republic, with knowledge of the national political leadership.

The establishment, functions, powers of each National Institute and Regional Institute delegates and general coordinators, are set out in the General Rules of Organization on the basis of which produces the respective Functions Manual, which must be approved by the National Policy Institute of the Party. It is formed by a President and two secretaries-general that are elected by a National Party Congress each 2 years.

Office of the President of the Party[edit]

The Office of the President of the Party is the highest court of the political and party organization. Its functions are executive. It is chosen by the Party's National Congress that Represents the Party and goes to the whole society. Presides at all meetings of the permanent organs of the party. Is exerted by the Alan García Pérez in his capacity as leader and first elected member of the party as President of Peru. He has been elected and ratified as such pursuant to the Law of Political Parties, by the XXII National Congress of the Peruvian Aprista Party.

Committee[edit]

Presidential candidates of APRA[edit]

Presidents elected under APRA[edit]

APRA Congressmen for the period July 2011 to July 2016[edit]

Electoral history[edit]

Presidential elections[edit]

Election Party candidate Votes % Votes % Result
First Round Second Round
1931 Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre 106,088 35.4% - - Lost Red XN
1962 557,007 33.0% - - Annulled Red XN
1963 623,501 34.4% - - Lost Red XN
1980 Armando Villanueva 1,087,188 27.2% - - Lost Red XN
1985 Alan García 3,452,111 53.1% - - Elected Green tickY
1990 Luis Alva Castro 1,494,231 22.5% - - Lost Red XN
1995 Mercedes Cabanillas 297,327 4.1% - - Lost Red XN
2000 Abel Salinas 153,319 1.4% - - Lost Red XN
2001 Alan García 2,732,857 25.8% 4,904,929 46.9% Lost Red XN
2006 2,985,858 24.3% 6,965,017 52.6% Elected Green tickY
2016 894,278 5.8% - - Lost Red XN

Congressional elections[edit]

Election Party leader Votes % Seats +/–
1963 Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre
56 / 139
 Increase 56
1980 Armando Villanueva 962,801 26.5%
58 / 180
 Increase 58
1985 Alan García 2,920,605 50.1%
107 / 180
 Increase 38
1990 1,240,395 25.0%
53 / 180
 Decrease 54
1995 N/A 274,263 6.4%
8 / 120
 Decrease 45
2000 N/A 546,930 5.5%
6 / 120
 Decrease 2
2001 Alan García 1,857,416 19.7%
28 / 120
 Increase 22
2006 2,213,562 20.6%
36 / 120
 Increase 8
2011 825,030 6.4%
4 / 130
 Decrease 32
2016 1,013,735

as part of Popular Alliance

8.3%
5 / 130
 Increase 1

Senate elections[edit]

Election Party leader Votes % Seats +/–
1963 Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre
18 / 45
 Increase 18
1980 Alan García 1,144,203 27.6%
18 / 60
 Increase 18
1985 3,099,975

in coalition with DC-SODE

51.3%
32 / 61
 Increase 14
1990 1,390,954 25.1%
16 / 62
 Decrease 14

References[edit]

  1. ^ http://www.perupolitico.com/?p=291
  2. ^ Roett, Riordan. "Peru: The Message from Garcia." Foreign Affairs 64.2 (1985-1986): 274-286.
  3. ^ "My Life With Che Archived 2009-09-22 at the Wayback Machine." Macmillan. Retrieved on February 23, 2009.
  4. ^ Charner, Flora; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Romo, Rafael (April 17, 2019). "Alan García, former Peru president, dies from self-inflicted gunshot wound". CNN. Retrieved April 17, 2019.

Bibliography[edit]

  • John A. Mackay, That Other America (New York: The Friendship Press, 1935), 102-116.
  • Harry Kantor, The Ideology and Program of the Peruvian Aprista Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press. London: Cambridge University Press, 1953. Reprinted, New York: Octagon Books, Inc., 1966).
  • W. Stanley Rycroft, "Intellectual Renaissance in Latin America," Book Review of The Ideology and Program of the Peruvian Aprista Movement, by Harry Kantor, in International Review of Missions, vol. 43, no. 2 (April, 1954), 220-223.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance&oldid=928997543"